Mining the deep sea
Renee Grogan, co-founder and board director at Impossible Metals, discusses the complexities of deep-sea mining, focusing on the Clarion-Clipperton Zone's vast nickel, cobalt, and copper resources. She explains the regulatory framework of the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the '2-year rule' triggered by Nauru, and the debate between selective harvesting and dredging technologies. Grogan highlights the critical challenge of enforcing environmental regulations three to five kilometers below the surface and predicts commercial extraction by 2028.